Solutions
Molarity to normality
N = M × n, with the equivalence factor you confirm for the reaction.
N = M · n
Equivalents per mole for YOUR reaction: H2SO4 acid-base 2, HCl 1, Ca2+ 2, a 1-electron redox 1. Confirm it; it is never auto-resolved.
Protocol result
⚗ Aliquot
Molarity to normality · N = M · n · the lab bench, calculated
Normality✓ N = M · n
= 2 N.
1
N = M × n: 2 N.
Result
2 N
Equivalence factor
2
Every bench calculation, one place.
56 calculatorsSimple dilution
C₁V₁ = C₂V₂, exactly how much stock and diluent to mix.
Serial dilution
A fold-dilution series, tube by tube.
Molarity, mass and volume conversion
Convert between molarity, mass, volume, and moles for a reagent, in any direction.
Make a solution
Weigh a solid or pipette a liquid: enter what you have, get the bench step.
% concentration
Convert %w/v, %w/w, %v/v ⇄ g/L and molarity.
Acid / base dilution
Turn a bottle label (%w/w + density) into a safe dilution protocol.
Buffer / pH
Henderson-Hasselbalch, the acid/base split for a target pH.
Agarose gel
Grams of agarose for a % gel and casting volume.
SDS-PAGE gel
Resolving & stacking gel recipes by acrylamide %.
Oligo resuspension
Resuspend a lyophilized primer to a stock concentration.
DNA: ng to pmol
Convert a dsDNA mass to moles (and back) from its length.
Ligation ratio
Insert mass for a target insert:vector molar ratio.
Nucleic acid (A260)
DNA and RNA concentration and purity from absorbance.
Protein by A280
Protein concentration from absorbance and extinction coefficient.
Protein extinction coefficient (A280)
Sequence to ε280, MW, and E0.1%, the Pace way. Feeds the A280 calculator.
MS adduct m/z calculator
Formula or mass to adduct m/z, and reverse-match an observed peak by ppm.
Structure to properties
A SMILES to its formula, molar mass, exact mass, and isotope pattern. Invalid valence is flagged, never guessed.
Reaction equivalents to mass
Pin the scale, get every reagent’s mmol, mass, and volume from its equivalents.
Reaction balancer
Exact integer coefficients by rational null-space. Unbalanceable input is flagged, never fudged.
Limiting reagent and yield
Which reagent runs out, the theoretical yield, and what is left over.
The Fixer (rescue a weigh-out)
Weighed the wrong amount? Get the volume to dissolve it in to hit your target.
Hydrate mass adjuster
Protocol assumes one hydrate, you have another? Get the corrected mass.
Buffer pH temperature corrector
Dial in the bench pH so your buffer hits target at working temperature.
Buffer harmonizer (reverse solver)
Target pH and stocks in, an exact volume-closed recipe out.
Ionic strength and activity
I = ½ Σ cz², plus activity coefficients (Debye-Huckel to Davies).
Overshot pH rescuer
Overshot your buffer? Get the exact strong acid or base volume to fix it.
Molarity to normality
N = M × n, with the equivalence factor you confirm for the reaction.
Nucleic acid copy number
Mass, molarity, and copies/µL for dsDNA, ssDNA, or ssRNA, both directions.
Oligo melting temperature (Tm)
Nearest-neighbor Tm with Na+ and Mg2+ salt corrections. Not a Wallace guess.
Gibson / ligation planner
Vector amount and insert ratios to an exact pipetting table.
qPCR fold change (ddCt)
Livak 2^-ddCt with proper error propagation and an honest asymmetric band.
Transformation efficiency
Colonies, plated fraction, and DNA mass to CFU per µg.
Dixon's Q outlier test
Flag a suspect replicate (3 to 10 values). Advisory only, never auto-deleted.
IC50 / EC50 (4PL fit)
Fit a dose-response curve and read off the IC50/EC50, Hill slope, and R².
Michaelis-Menten (Vmax, Km)
Fit enzyme kinetics to read Vmax, Km, and (with [E]t) kcat and kcat/Km.
Significance quick-test (t)
Welch's t-test for two groups: p-value, effect size, and a plain verdict.
Bradford / BCA protein assay
Fit a standard curve, subtract the blank, and back-calculate protein with dilution.
Protein fold-change (Western)
Loading-control-normalized densitometry: relative density and fold change vs control.
Vapor pressure & rotovap
Antoine vapor pressure of a solvent, and the boiling point at each vacuum setpoint.
NMR impurity finder
Identify a 1H peak from its shift, or look up where a known compound appears (Fulmer table).
Zeta potential
Convert electrophoretic mobility to zeta potential (Henry / Smoluchowski / Huckel).
HPLC method transfer
Scale flow, injection, and gradient between columns, with void volume and dead time.
Legacy unit converter
Convert Torr, atm, psi, cal, eV, poise, dyne and other legacy units to SI.
Pipette calibration (ISO 8655)
Turn weighed water masses into accuracy and precision against the nominal volume.
NFPA 704 fire diamond
Build the health / flammability / instability / special hazard diamond.
Beer-Lambert (absorbance to concentration)
Concentration from absorbance, any extinction-coefficient convention.
Enzyme activity
Total units and specific activity from a measured rate.
OD600 / cell density
OD600 to cells per mL, and back-dilute a culture to a target OD.
Isotope decay
Remaining radioactivity after time, by half-life.
Centrifuge k-factor
Rotor clearing factor and pelleting time.
PCR master mix
Scale a per-reaction recipe to a batch, with overage.
Buffer builder
Build a multi-component buffer from stocks and solids.
Standard curve
Fit a linear or quadratic standard curve (Bradford, BCA, ELISA) and read unknowns.
Osmolarity
Total osmolarity of a multi-solute solution.
Unit converter
Lab-wide conversions, volume, mass, amount, concentration, pressure, temperature, time.
RPM ⇄ RCF
Convert centrifuge speed to g-force using the rotor radius.