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Simple dilution · C₁ · V₁ = C₂ · V₂ · the lab bench, calculated
Simple dilution✓ C₁ · V₁ = C₂ · V₂
Measure 8.333 mL of 12 M HCl and dilute to 100 mL total volume.
1
Add about 80 mL of diluent (water/buffer) to your vessel first.
2
Slowly add 8.333 mL of HCl into the diluent, swirling. Never the reverse.
3
Top up to 100 mL total, about 91.67 mL diluent.
⚠
Always add acid to water, never water to acid, dilution is strongly exothermic. Work in a fume hood with PPE.
Stock
12 M
Target
1 M
Stock needed
8.333 mL
Dilution factor
12×
57 of 57 calculators
Most used
Every bench calculation, one place.
57 calculatorsSimple dilution
C₁V₁ = C₂V₂, exactly how much stock and diluent to mix.
Solutions12 M HCl → 1 M, 100 mL
Molarity, mass and volume conversion
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Solutions0.1 M NaCl, 100 mL to mass
Molar mass, grams and moles
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Solutions5 g antimony (Sb) to moles
Make a solution
Weigh a solid or pipette a liquid: enter what you have, get the bench step.
SolutionsWeigh NaCl: 0.05 M, 500 mL
Acid / base dilution
Turn a bottle label (%w/w + density) into a safe dilution protocol.
Solutions37% HCl → 1 M, 100 mL
Oligo resuspension
Resuspend a lyophilized primer to a stock concentration.
Molecular biology45 nmol to 100 µM
DNA: ng to pmol
Convert a dsDNA mass to moles (and back) from its length.
Molecular biology50 ng, 1000 bp
Ligation ratio
Insert mass for a target insert:vector molar ratio.
Molecular biology3:1, 1 kb insert into 5 kb vector
Nucleic acid (A260)
DNA and RNA concentration and purity from absorbance.
Molecular biologyA260 1.0, dsDNA, 50x
Protein by A280
Protein concentration from absorbance and extinction coefficient.
Assays & statsBSA, A280 0.667
Protein extinction coefficient (A280)
Sequence to ε280, MW, and E0.1%, the Pace way. Feeds the A280 calculator.
Assays & statsTrp/Tyr-rich peptide
MS adduct m/z calculator
Formula or mass to adduct m/z, and reverse-match an observed peak by ppm.
Assays & statsAspirin C9H8O4, positive
Structure to properties
A SMILES to its formula, molar mass, exact mass, and isotope pattern. Invalid valence is flagged, never guessed.
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Reaction equivalents to mass
Pin the scale, get every reagent’s mmol, mass, and volume from its equivalents.
StoichiometryEsterification, 5 mmol
Reaction balancer
Exact integer coefficients by rational null-space. Unbalanceable input is flagged, never fudged.
StoichiometryMethane combustion
Limiting reagent and yield
Which reagent runs out, the theoretical yield, and what is left over.
StoichiometryWater from H2 + O2
The Fixer (rescue a weigh-out)
Weighed the wrong amount? Get the volume to dissolve it in to hit your target.
SolutionsWeighed 112 mg NaCl, want 0.1 M
Hydrate mass adjuster
Protocol assumes one hydrate, you have another? Get the corrected mass.
SolutionsAnhydrous CuSO4 to pentahydrate
Buffer pH temperature corrector
Dial in the bench pH so your buffer hits target at working temperature.
BuffersTris 7.5 at 37 C, prep 25 C
Ionic strength and activity
I = ½ Σ cz², plus activity coefficients (Debye-Huckel to Davies).
Solutions100 mM NaCl
Molarity to normality
N = M × n, with the equivalence factor you confirm for the reaction.
Solutions1 M H2SO4 to normality (n=2)
Nucleic acid copy number
Mass, molarity, and copies/µL for dsDNA, ssDNA, or ssRNA, both directions.
Molecular biology1000 bp dsDNA at 1 ng/µL
Oligo melting temperature (Tm)
Nearest-neighbor Tm with Na+ and Mg2+ salt corrections. Not a Wallace guess.
Molecular biology20-mer, 50 mM Na+
Gibson / ligation planner
Vector amount and insert ratios to an exact pipetting table.
Molecular biologyVector + 1 insert (2:1)
qPCR fold change (ddCt)
Livak 2^-ddCt with proper error propagation and an honest asymmetric band.
Molecular biologyA 4-fold upregulation
Transformation efficiency
Colonies, plated fraction, and DNA mass to CFU per µg.
Molecular biology200 colonies, 10 pg, 100/1000 µL
Dixon's Q outlier test
Flag a suspect replicate (3 to 10 values). Advisory only, never auto-deleted.
Assays & statsA high outlier (20)
IC50 / EC50 (4PL fit)
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Assays & statsSigmoid, IC50 = 10
Michaelis-Menten (Vmax, Km)
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Assays & statsVmax = 100, Km = 5
Significance quick-test (t)
Welch's t-test for two groups: p-value, effect size, and a plain verdict.
Assays & statsA vs B
Bradford / BCA protein assay
Fit a standard curve, subtract the blank, and back-calculate protein with dilution.
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Protein fold-change (Western)
Loading-control-normalized densitometry: relative density and fold change vs control.
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Vapor pressure & rotovap
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NMR impurity finder
Identify a 1H peak from its shift, or look up where a known compound appears (Fulmer table).
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Zeta potential
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PhysicalMobility 1.0 in water
HPLC method transfer
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Physical4.6x150/5µm to 2.1x50/1.8µm
Legacy unit converter
Convert Torr, atm, psi, cal, eV, poise, dyne and other legacy units to SI.
Physical1 atm to Torr
Pipette calibration (ISO 8655)
Turn weighed water masses into accuracy and precision against the nominal volume.
Physical100 µL, 10 weighings at 20 °C
NFPA 704 fire diamond
Build the health / flammability / instability / special hazard diamond.
PhysicalAcetone (1/3/0)
Beer-Lambert (absorbance to concentration)
Concentration from absorbance, any extinction-coefficient convention.
Assays & statsNADH, A 0.622 at 340 nm
Enzyme activity
Total units and specific activity from a measured rate.
Assays & stats50 U/mL, 2 mL, 5 mg/mL
OD600 / cell density
OD600 to cells per mL, and back-dilute a culture to a target OD.
Molecular biologyOD 0.6, E. coli
PCR master mix
Scale a per-reaction recipe to a batch, with overage.
Molecular biology20 µL, 24 samples, 10% overage
Standard curve
Fit a linear or quadratic standard curve (Bradford, BCA, ELISA) and read unknowns.
Assays & stats5-point curve, two unknowns